James R. Lewis, PhD, CHFP
I'm using this website primarily for personal professional purposes.
The first link is to my professional summary. Following that are links to some of
my unclassified works (as Adobe pdf files -- you'll need Adobe Acrobat Reader 3.0
or higher to read some of them -- you can get the latest reader from
www.adobe.com).
I've worked as a human factors engineer for IBM since 1981, and am currently in the
IBM Software Group (Application and Integration Middleware Software) in Boca Raton, FL,
specializing in the design and evaluation of speech user interfaces.
Last updated: 11/04/2006
Professional Summary
Conference Papers/Articles
Lewis, J. R. (2006). Effectiveness of various automated readability measures for the competitive evaluation of user documentation.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 624-628).
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R. (2006). Effect of level of problem description on problem discovery rates: Two case studies.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 2567-2571).
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Kotan, C., and Lewis, J. R. (2006). Investigation of confirmation strategies for speech recognition applications.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 728-732).
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R., Commarford, P. M., and Kotan, C. (2006). Web-based comparison of two styles of auditory presentation: All TTS versus rapidly mixed TTS and recordings.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 723-727).
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R., and Sauro, J. (2006).
When 100% really isn’t 100%: Improving the accuracy of small-sample estimates of completion rates.
Journal of Usability Studies, 3, 136-150.
Turner, C. W., Lewis, J. R., and Nielsen, J. (2006).
Determining usability test sample size.
In W. Karwowski (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors
(pp. 3084-3088). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Sauro, J., and Lewis, J. R. (2005).
Estimating completion rates from small samples using binomial confidence intervals: Comparisons and recommendations.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting (pp. 2100-2104).
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Commarford, P. M., and Lewis, J. R. (2005).
Optimizing the pause length before presentation of global navigation commands.
In Proceedings of HCI International 2005: Volume 2 - The Management of Information: E-Business, the Web, and Mobile Computing
(pp. 1-7). St. Louis, MO: Mira Digital Publication
Lewis, J. R. (2005).
Accuracy error span evaluations: Implications for user interface design of speech dictation and handwriting recognition applications.
In Proceedings of HCI International 2005: Vol. 6 - Human Factors Issues in Human-Computer Interaction
(pp. 1-8). St. Louis, MO: Mira Digital Publication
Lewis, J. R. (2005).
Frequency distributions for names and unconstrained words associated with the letters of the English alphabet.
In Proceedings of HCI International 2005: Posters
(pp. 1-5). St. Louis, MO: Mira Digital Publication
Lewis, J. R. (2004).
Selection accuracy with pen selection slots.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting
(pp. 783-787). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R. (2004).
Effect of speaker and sampling rate on MOS-X ratings of concatenative TTS voices.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting
(pp. 759-763). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Commarford, P. M., and Lewis, J. R. (2004).
Models of throughput rates for dictation and voice spelling for handheld devices.
International Journal of Speech Technology, 7, 69-79.
Lewis, J. R. (2004).
Evaluating the potential effectiveness of automatic document analysis.
International Journal of Speech Technology, 7, 35-43.
Lewis, J. R., and Commarford, P. M. (2003).
Developing a voicespelling alphabet for PDAs.
IBM Systems Journal, 42, 624-638.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R. (2003).
Expanding the MOS: Development and psychometric evaluation of the MOS-R and MOS-X.
International Journal of Speech Technology, 6, 161-182.
Lewis, J. R. (2002).
Psychometric evaluation of the PSSUQ using data from five years of usability studies.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 14, 463-488.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R. (2002).
Effect of auditory waiting cues on time estimation in speech recognition telephony applications.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 14, 423-446.
Turner, C. W., Nielsen, J., and Lewis, J. R. (2002). Current Issues in the Determination of Usability Test Sample Size:
How Many Users is Enough? In Proceedings of Usability Professionals Association UPA '02.
Download the associated J. Lewis Powerpoint presentation:
SAMSIZE-UPA02.PPT.
Lewis, J. R. (2001).
Introduction: Some current issues in usability evaluation.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 13, 343-349.
Lewis, J. R. (2001).
Evaluation of procedures for adjusting problem-discovery rates estimated from small samples.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 13, 445-479.
Lewis, J. R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Mean Opinion Scale. In Proceedings of HCI
International 2001: Usability Evaluation and Interface Design (pp. 149-153). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wang, H., and Lewis, J. R. (2001). Intelligibility and acceptability of short phrases generated by
embedded text-to-speech engines. In Proceedings of HCI International 2001: Usability Evaluation and
Interface Design (pp. 144-148). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Voicing psychology at Big Blue. APS Observer, 14(1),
6, 25.
Lewis, J. R.
(1999). Effect of error correction strategy on speech dictation throughput.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting
(pp. 457-461). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R.,
Kennedy, P. J., and LaLomia, M. J. (1999). Development of a digram-based typing key
layout for single-finger/stylus input. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting (pp. 415-419). Santa Monica, CA:
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R.,
LaLomia, M. J., and Kennedy, P. J. (1999). Evaluation of typing key layouts for stylus input.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting
(pp. 420-424). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R.,
Allard, D. J., and Hudson, H. D. (1999). Predictive keyboard design study: Effects of
word populations, number of displayed letters, and number of transitional probability tables.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting
(pp. 429-432). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1999).
Input rates and user preference for three small-screen input methods: Standard keyboard,
predictive keyboard, and handwriting. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics
Society 43rd Annual Meeting (pp. 425-428). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1999).
Information for PDA application design: Calendar entry and name length statistics.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting
(pp. 467-470). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1999).
Tradeoffs in the design of the IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires.
In Proceedings of HCI International '99 (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer
Interaction in Munich, Germany) (pp. 1023-1027). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lewis, J. R., Potosnak, K. M., and Magyar, R. L. (1997).
Keys and keyboards.
In M. Helandar, T. K. Landauer, and P. Prabhu (Eds.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction
(pp. 1285-1315). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Lewis, J. R. (1996).
Binomial confidence intervals for small sample usability studies. In G. Salvendy and A. Ozok
(eds.), Advances in Applied Ergonomics: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
Applied Ergonomics -- ICAE '96 (pp. 732-737). Istanbul, Turkey: USA Publishing.
Lewis, J. R. (1996). Reaping the benefits of modern usability evaluation: The Simon
story. In G. Salvendy and A. Ozok (eds.), Advances in Applied Ergonomics: Proceedings
of the 1st International Conference on Applied Ergonomics -- ICAE '96 (pp. 752-757).
Istanbul, Turkey: USA Publishing.
Lewis, J. R. (1995).
IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 7, 57-78.
Lewis, J. R. (1994).
Sample sizes for usability studies: Additional considerations.
Human Factors, 36, 368-378.
Lewis, J. R. (1993).
Pairs of Latin squares that produce digram-balanced Greco-Latin designs: A BASIC program.
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 25, 414-415.
Download the Latbuild program:
LATBUILD.BAS (zipped).
Download the license agreement:
Latbuild License.
Lewis, J. R. (1993).
Multipoint scales: Mean and median differences and observed significance levels.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 5, 383-392.
Lewis, J. R. (1993). Problem discovery in usability studies: A model based on the
binomial probability formula. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on
Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 666-671). Orlando, FL: Elsevier.
Lewis, J. R. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of the post-study system usability
questionnaire: The PSSUQ. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual
Meeting (pp. 1259-1263). Atlanta, GA: Human Factors Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1991). A rank-based method for the usability comparison of competing
products. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting
(pp. 1312-1316). San Francisco, CA: Human Factors Society.
Loricchio, D. F. and Lewis, J. R. (1991). User assessment of standard and reduced-size
numeric keypads. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting
(pp. 251-252). San Francisco, CA: Human Factors Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1991).
An after- scenario questionnaire for computer usability studies: Psychometric Evaluation Over Three Trials.
SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (4), 79.
Lewis, J. R. (1991).
Psychometric evaluation of an after- scenario questionnaire for computer usability studies: The ASQ.
SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (1), 78-81.
Lewis, J. R., Henry, S. C., and Mack, R. L. (1990). Integrated office software
benchmarks: A case study. In Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT '90, Proceedings of
the Third IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 337-343). Cambridge,
England: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Lewis, J. R. (1990). The Iowa Silent Reading Test's reading comprehension section:
Local norms and predictive validity for usability studies. In Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting (pp. 922-926). Orlando, FL: Human Factors Society.
Snyder, K. M. and Lewis, J. R. (1989). Cognitive representations of DOS commands as a
function of expertise. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Hawaii International Conference
on System Science (pp. 447-456). Kailua-Kona, Hawaii: Computer Society of the IEEE.
Kennedy, P. J., Lewis, J. R., and Alfonso, P. (1989). Industrial design and human
factors contributions to the design of IBM's PS/2. In Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium
on Human Factors and Industrial Design in Consumer Products - Interface 89 (pp. 221-224).
Pittsburgh, PA: Human Factors Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1989). Pairs of Latin squares to counterbalance sequential effects and
pairing of conditions and stimuli. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd
Annual Meeting (pp. 1223-1227). Denver, CO: Human Factors Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1987).
Slot vs. insertion magnetic stripe readers: User performance and preference.
Human Factors, 29, 461-464.
Lewis, J. R. (1986). Power switches: Some user expectations and preferences. In
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting (pp. 895-899).
Dayton, OH: Human Factors Society.
Kennedy, P. J. and Lewis, J. R. (1985). A method of analyzing personal computer use in
an application environment. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual
Meeting (pp. 1057-1060). Baltimore, MD: Human Factors Society.
Snyder, K. M., Happ, A. J., Malcus, L., Paap, K. R., and Lewis, J. R. (1985). Using
cognitive models to create menus. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual
Meeting (pp. 655-658). Baltimore, MD: Human Factors Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1984). Association of visually coded functions with an alternate key.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting (pp. 973-976).
San Antonio, TX: Human Factors Society.
Kennedy, P. J. and Lewis, J. R. (1983). Automated data collection. In Proceedings
of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting (pp. 546-547). Norfolk, VA: Human
Factors Society.
Happ, A. J. and Lewis, J. R. (1983). The effect of screen boundary, familiarity, and
data type on user's decision to scroll or window. In Proceedings of the Human Factors
Society 27th Annual Meeting (pp. 512-515). Norfolk, VA: Human Factors Society.
Lewis, J. R. (1982).
Testing small system customer set-up.
In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting
(pp. 718-720). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
Unclassified Technical Reports
Lewis, J. R.
(2005). Usability testing
(Tech. Report 29.3820). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Millet, B., and Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Usability evaluation of prompt clarity for a language selection task
(Tech. Report 29.3819). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Commarford, P. M., and Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Word completion feature that recognizes implicit rejections
(Tech. Report 29.3812). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Actual versus estimated dictation accuracy
(Tech. Report 29.3790). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Sample size adequacy for usability studies: Current issues
(Tech. Report 29.3789). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Accuracy error span evaluations: Implications for user interface design of speech dictation and handwriting recognition applications
(Tech. Report 29.3788). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Gomez, F., Agapi, C., and Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Rapid VoiceXML developmeng using IBM’S graphical Call Flow Builder
(Tech. Report 29.3787). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2004). Prototyping best-practice speech user interfaces with VoiceXML 2.0 and the IBM VoiceXML toolkit
(Tech. Report 29.3732). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Michelini, V., Agapi, C., Mirt, M., Wang, F., Lewis, J. R., and Polkosky, M. D.
(2004). A flexible method for manipulating fields in a directory assistance application
(Tech. Report 29.3731). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R., Commarford, P. M., and Kotan, C. A.
(2003). Web-based comparison of two styles of Auditory presentation: All TTS versus
rapidly mixed TTS and recordings
(Tech. Report 29.3684). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Kotan, C. A., and Lewis, J. R.
(2003). Comparison of two delayed confirmation strategies for speech recognition interactive voice response systems
(Tech. Report 29.3675). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2003). Preliminary comparison of immediate and delayed confirmation strategies as a function of number of corrections
(Tech. Report 29.3663). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R., and Sadowski, W. J.
(2003). Analysis of reduction in passcode guessability as a function of conversion from alphanumeric to numeric codes
(Tech. Report 29.3665). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2003). Prototyping the conversion from a directed dialog speech user
interface to a natural commands user interface
(Tech. Report 29.3636). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2002). Effect of level of problem description on problem discovery rate: Two case studies
(Tech. Report 29.3604). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Commarford, P. M.,
and Lewis, J. R. (2002). Models of throughput rates for dictation revisited:
Consideration of speech processing speed
(Tech. Report 29.3599). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2002). Prototyping best-practice speech user interfaces with VoiceXML and the IBM VoiceXML Toolkit
(Tech. Report 29.3598). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Commarford, P. M, and Lewis, J. R.
(2002). Optimizing the pause length before presentation of always-active navigation commands
(Tech. Report 29.3594). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2002). Effect of voice and bandwidth on MOS-X ratings
(Tech. Report 29.3550). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Commarford, P. M.,
and Lewis, J. R. (2002). Models of throughput rates for dictation and
voice spelling for handheld computers
(Tech. Report 29.3544). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R., and
Commarford, P. M. (2002). Developing and tuning a voice spelling alphabet
for devices with small displays (Tech. Report 29.3517). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R.
(2002). Enhancement of the Mean Opinion Scale - Expanded (MOS-X)
(Tech. Report 29.3542). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R.
(2002). Development and psychometric evaluation of an expanded Mean Opinion Scale (MOS-X)
(Tech. Report 29.3499). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Wright, L. E., Hartley, M. W.,
and Lewis, J. R. (2002). Conditional probabilities for IBM Voice Browser 2.0 alpha
and alphanumeric recognition (Tech. Report 29.3498). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). The accuracy wars: Journalists’ estimates of continuous speech
product dictation accuracy from 1997-1999
(Tech. Report 29.3465). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Estimating the effectiveness of automatic vocabulary expansion
(Tech. Report 29.3452). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R.
(2001). User preference for turntaking tones 2: Participant source issues and
additional data (Tech. Report 29.3447). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Effect of ticking rate on user estimation of system response time:
Part 2 (Tech. Report 29.3446). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Frequency distributions for names and unconstrained words associated
with the letters of the English alphabet (Tech. Report 29.3437).
Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Web-based usability evaluation of ink-on-page indicators
(Tech. Report 29.3428). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Effect of ticking rate on user estimation of system response time
(Tech. Report 29.3425). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Preference for and accuracy with 55- and 99-page ThinkScribe selection slots
(Tech. Report 29.3424). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Hartley, M. W., and Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Conditional probabilities for IBM Voice Browser recognition of letters of the alphabet
(Tech. Report 29.3421). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Psychometric evaluation of the CSUQ using data from five years of usability studies
(Tech. Report 29.3418). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). The revised Mean Opinion Scale (MOS-R): Preliminary psychometric evaluation
(Tech. Report 29.3414). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., Sadowski, W. J.,
and Lewis, J. R. (2001). The uniqueness of initial words in news headlines
(Tech. Report 29.3412). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Polkosky, M. D., and Lewis, J. R.
(2001). The function of nonspeech audio in speech recognition applications: A review of the literature
(Tech. Report 29.3405). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Psychometric properties of the Mean Opinion Scale (Tech. Report 29.3403).
Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Selection accuracy with a new pen-based selection device (Tech. Report 29.3396).
Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Sadowski, W. J., and
Lewis, J. R. (2001). Usability evaluation of the IBM WebSphere WebVoice demo
(Tech. Report 29.3387). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2001). Sample size estimation and use of substitute audiences (Tech. Report 29.3385).
Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2000). Evaluation of problem discovery rate adjustment procedures for sample
sizes from two to ten (Tech. Report 29.3362). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2000). Reducing the overestimation of p in problem discovery usability studies:
Normalization, regression, and a combination normalization/Good-Turing approach
(Tech. Report 29.3361). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2000). Using discounting methods to reduce overestimation of p in problem discovery
usability studies (Tech. Report 29.3359). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2000). Overestimation of p in problem discovery usability studies: How serious is the
problem? (Tech. Report 29.3358). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2000). Validation of Monte Carlo estimation of problem discovery likelihood
(Tech. Report 29.3357). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Sadowski, W. J., and
Lewis, J. R. (2000). Wizard of Oz usability evaluation of the IBM WebSphere 'WebVoice'
Demo (Tech. Report 29.3321). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Sadowski, W. J., and
Lewis, J. R. (2000). Usability evaluation of speech user interfaces for three currency
conversion prototypes (Tech. Report 29.3308). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(2000). Testing natural language application recognition accuracy and habitability
(Tech. Report 29.3297). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.,
Simone, J. E., and Bogacz, M. (2000). Designing common functions for speech-only user
interfaces: Rationales, sample dialogs, potential uses for event counting, and sample
grammars (Tech. Report 29.3287). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R. (2000).
Developing minimal comprehensive sets of test cases for natural command grammars
(Tech. Report 29.3272). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R. (1999).
Streamlining a general test plan for competitive evaluation of dictation accuracy and
throughput (Tech. Report 29.3158). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R. (1997).
A general plan for conducting human factors studies of competitive speech
dictation accuracy and throughput (Tech. Report 29.2246). Raleigh, NC: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R. (1993).
IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions
for use (Tech. Report 54.786). Boca Raton, FL: IBM Corp.
Note: The PSSUQ (Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire), CSUQ (Computer System Usability
Questionnaire) and ASQ (After-Scenario Questionnaire) questionnaires are available in the
preceding TR, which also provides details about their psychometric properties.
To download the CSUQ or ASQ separately, use these links:
Lewis, J. R. (1993).
Literature review of touch-screen research from 1980 to 1992 (Tech. Report 54.694).
Boca Raton, FL: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R. (1993).
Relative importance of the components of the cloudiness count: Passive voice and infrequent
words (Tech. Report 54.759). Boca Raton, FL: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R.
(1992). Sample sizes for usability studies: Additional considerations
(Tech. Report 54.711). Boca Raton, FL: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R., and Tripi, B.
(1992). Competitive evaluation of documentation: Surveys and automated readability
measures (Tech. Report 54.647). Boca Raton, FL: IBM Corp.
Lewis, J. R. (1991).
Legitimate use of small samples in usability studies: Three examples (Tech. Report 54.594).
Boca Raton, FL: IBM Corp.
